Classification of Batteries:

Dry Cell Battery、Lead Storage Battery、Lithium-ion Battery

 

Dry Cell Battery
Dry cell batteries are also called manganese-zinc batteries, the so-called dry cell batteries are relative to the voltaic batteries, the so-called manganese-zinc refers to its raw materials. The so-called dry cell is relative to the volt battery, the so-called manganese-zinc refers to its raw material, for other material dry cell such as silver oxide battery, nickel-cadmium battery. The voltage of manganese-zinc batteries is 1.5 V. Dry cell batteries consume chemical materials to produce electrical energy. Its voltage is not high and the continuous current it can produce cannot exceed 1 ampere.

 

Lead Storage Battery
The storage battery is one of the most widely used batteries. A glass or plastic tank is used, filled with sulfuric acid, and two lead plates are inserted, one connected to the positive pole of the charger and one connected to the negative pole of the charger, and a battery is formed after a dozen hours of charging. It has 2 volts between the positive and negative terminals. The advantage of the battery is that it can be used many times over. In addition, because it has very little internal resistance, it can supply a large current. It is used to power the engine of an automobile with an instantaneous current of more than 20 amps. A battery stores electrical energy when it is charged and converts chemical energy into electrical energy when it is discharged.

 

Lithium-ion Battery
Lithium-ion battery (English: Lithium-ion battery) is a rechargeable battery that relies on the movement of lithium ions between the positive and negative electrodes. Lithium-ion batteries use an embedded lithium compound as an electrode material. Currently, the main common cathode materials used in lithium-ion batteries are: lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), lithium manganate (LiMn2O4), lithium nickelate (LiNiO2) and lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4).

Advantages and disadvantages of various types of batteries

Lithium-ion Battery
A lithium-ion battery (English: Lithium-ion battery) is a rechargeable battery that operates primarily on the movement of lithium ions between the positive and negative electrodes. Lithium-ion batteries use an embedded lithium compound as an electrode material. Currently, the main common cathode materials used in Li-ion batteries are: lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), lithium manganate (LiMn2O4), lithium nickelate (LiNiO2) and lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4).

Advantages and disadvantages of various types of batteries
Lead-acid batteries
Advantages:
(1) easy to obtain raw materials, relatively inexpensive; (2) high rate of discharge.
(2) high rate of discharge performance is good; (3) good temperature performance, can be used in a variety of ways.
(3) good temperature performance, can work in -40 ~ +60 ℃ environment; (4) suitable for float charging.
(4) Suitable for float charging, long service life, no memory effect.
(5) Waste batteries are easy to recycle, which is conducive to the protection of the environment.
Disadvantages:
(1) Low energy density
(2) Short cycle life
(3) Lead pollution risk in the industry chain

 

Nickel-metal hydride batteries
Advantages:
(1) Compared with lead-acid batteries, the energy density is greatly improved, the weight energy density reaches 65Wh/kg, and the volumetric energy density is increased by 200Wh/L; (2) high power density, high-current charging and discharging; (3) there is a risk of lead pollution in the industrial chain.
(2) High power density, high current charge and discharge; (3) Low temperature discharge characteristics.
(3) Good low temperature discharge characteristics.
(4) Cycle life (increased to 1000 times); (5) Environmentally friendly and non-polluting
(5)Environmentally friendly and non-polluting; (6)Comparison of lithium-ion battery technology
(6) Comparison with the mature technology of lithium-ion battery.
Disadvantages:
(1) Higher cost;
(2) Slightly lower current.
(3) Not resistant to high and low temperatures
(4) Takes up a lot of space

 

Lithium-ion battery
Advantages:
(1) High energy.
(2) High voltage platform
(3) Good cycling performance; (4) No memory effect
(4) No memory effect; (5) Environmental protection and no pollution.
(5) Environmentally friendly and non-polluting.
Disadvantages:
(1) Higher battery cost.
(2) Cannot be discharged with high current.
(3) Protection line control.

 

Supercapacitor
Advantages:
(1) High power density;
(2) Short charging time;
(3) Low energy density, only 1-10Wh/kg, supercapacitor range is too short to be used as a mainstream power source for electric vehicles.
Disadvantages:
(1) Low single working voltage.
(2) Possible leakage.
(3) Supercapacitors are generally applied in DC conditions and are not suitable for AC applications.
(4) Higher price.

 

 

Advantages: (1) High energy density, providing longer driving range for vehicles. (2) High power density, allowing for high current charging and discharging. (3) Environmentally friendly and pollution-free.

Disadvantages: (1) High cost of fuel cells. (2) Hydrocarbon fuels cannot be used directly. (3) The hydrogen fuel infrastructure is underdeveloped.

 

Advantages: (1) High energy density (Theoretical 760wh/kg; Actual 390wh/kg). (2) High power (The discharge current density can reach 200300mA/cm2);  (4) Long lifespan (15 years; or 2500~4500 cycles); (5) No pollution, recyclable. (5) Eco-friendly and recyclable. (6) No self-discharge phenomenon, high energy conversion rate.

Disadvantages: (1) Unable to handle partial cycling; (2) Dangerous when overcharged. (2) Risky during overcharging; (3) High operation temperature at 350℃. (3) Melting of sulfur and sodium at high temperature of 350℃, thus additional heating equipment is needed to maintain this temperature.

 

Advantages: (1) Safe and capable of deep discharge. (2) Scalable; the size of the tank is not limited. (3) High charge and discharge rate. (4) Long lifespan and high reliability. (5) Zero emissions and low noise; (6) Quick switching between charging and discharging. (6) Rapid charge and discharge switching, requiring only 0.02 seconds.

Disadvantages: (1) The battery has a large volume. (2) The battery has high environmental temperature requirements. (3) Expensive; (4) Complex system. (4) Complex system.

 

Lithium-sulfur batteries (lithium-sulfur batteries are a class of highly promising high-capacity energy storage system)
Advantages:
(1) high energy density, theoretical energy density of up to 2600Wh/kg; (2) low cost of raw materials; (3) high energy density; (4) complex system.
(2) Low cost of raw materials; (3) Low energy consumption
(3) Low energy consumption; (4) Low toxicity.
(4) Low toxicity.
Disadvantages:
(1) short cycle life: lithium polysulfide shuttle, lithium polysulfide disproportionation, electrolyte decomposition, lithium metal dendrite pulverization and other issues
(2) bad conductivity: sulfur as a non-conductive material, conductivity is very poor, not conducive to the high rate performance of the battery
(3) lower performance: unable to meet the requirements of large-scale industrial development
(4) lower stability: sulfur in the charge and discharge process, the expansion and contraction of the volume is very large, the huge volume changes will destroy the electrode structure

 

Battery

Meaning of Battery

Battery (electric battery) full name of the battery, by one or more with external connections of electrochemical cells (electrochemical cell) composed of power supply devices, used for electrical equipment power supply; battery packs by more than one electrochemical cell, they can be connected in parallel, series or series-parallel connection.
In a narrow sense, the battery is a device that converts its own stored chemical energy into electrical energy; in a broader sense, the battery is a device that converts “pre-stored” energy into electrical energy for external use. Therefore, a device that only converts but does not store energy, such as a solar cell, is not considered a battery.

Battery History

The history of the battery dates back more than two thousand years to the time of ancient Iraq. It was the discovery of a vegetal fired ceramic pot (Baghdad Battery) in the capital city of Baghdad it was a type of battery that used copper and iron. The item found by archaeologists is believed to be the earliest evidence of a battery found to date. And the modern day device that truly serves as a store of chemical energy that can be controlled to discharge electrical energy as people need it was known at the time as the Volta Pile (Voltaic Pile). The first truly modern battery was invented by Italian chemist Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta.

 

volt-driven battery：

battery capacity

Meaning of Battery Capacity

Battery capacity refers to the amount of charge that the battery can store, the symbol for battery capacity is Q, the unit is Coulomb (C), but in daily life, mostly in Ampere hours (Ah) as the unit, because the battery used in daily life also has a relatively small capacity, so there are also used in milliampere hours (mAh) unit, that is, one thousandth of an ampere hour, for example, cell phones used in batteries are usually marked as the latter.

 

Factors Determining Battery Capacity

The type of battery (i.e., the substance used to make the battery): Different types of batteries have different capacities for the same volume, e.g., lithium batteries have a higher capacity than many other batteries.
Volume of the battery: Since the energy density of the chemical energy of a substance is fixed, the larger the volume, the more energy is stored, e.g. the capacity of an AA battery is larger than that of an AAA battery.
Battery temperature: In general, the lower the temperature, the effective capacity of the battery will be reduced, different types of batteries reduce the degree of different types of batteries, so the use of batteries in cold areas need to pay special attention.
Discharge rate: The higher the discharge current, the smaller the effective capacity of the same battery will be, so the capacity of the battery will be reduced when pushing high power consuming appliances, for example, a battery that can light up a 2W bulb for one hour will not be able to light up a 4W bulb for half an hour, and it must be shorter than half an hour, and the amount of the shorter time depends on the type of the battery, the temperature…and other factors.
Therefore, the same battery will have different capacity in different environments, so the capacity labeled on the battery can only be used as a reference, and the actual use of the battery will still change due to the environment and other working conditions. The labeled capacity is generally based on room temperature.

 

Capacity, discharge current and C-value

To calculate how long a battery can be continuously discharged at a given discharge stream, divide the capacity by the current:

Where t (h) is the discharge time in hours, Q (Ah) is the battery capacity in ampere hours, and I (A) is the current in amperes.
The discharge (or charging) current is also expressed in terms of C. 1 C of discharge current will discharge the battery completely in exactly one hour, i.e. 1 C of current is relative to the battery capacity. For example, for a 600mAh battery, 1 C of current is 600mA, and discharging the battery at this current will use up the charge in one hour. Similarly, for a 2500mAh battery, 1C is 2500mA, and if, for example, the battery is discharged at 0.5C, the battery will be used up in 2 hours (1/0.5=2), regardless of how small the battery capacity is.
The characteristic of using C as an expression is that in the same battery type, operating environment, different capacity batteries in the same C value discharge rate, theoretically, there should be an approximate discharge time. Therefore, when comparing the performance of different batteries, the same C value of the discharge or charge rate will be selected for comparison. Battery manufacturers also use the C value to express the rate of discharge current and charge current on the battery specifications.

 

What is lithium?

Lithium is an ancient element, created within a minute of the Big Bang.In 1817, the Swedish chemists Johan August Afwesson and Jones Jacob Bezelius purified lithium from a mineral, and Bezelius named the new element after the Greek word lithos (stone).
Lithium is the lightest metal in the world, with a density about half that of water. Lithium metal is silvery-white and soft enough to be pinched with a fingernail.
Lithium atom’s outermost layer of only one electron, the chemical properties of active, easy to lose electrons, extremely unstable, exposed to the air easily oxidized reaction triggered a fire, but also because of its density is too small, so the general use of paraffin sealing preservation.
Lithium loses electrons to form positively charged and more stable lithium ions. The electronegativity of lithium is the most negative of all metals, lithium ion reduction potential up to -3 V. 1 g of lithium into lithium ions can be obtained when the number of charges for the 3,860 mA-h, coupled with its greater than 3 V working voltage, so that lithium has become a battery anode material in the lightweight Hercules deservedly.

When lithium loses electrons, it forms positively charged and more stable lithium ions, which can be reversibly embedded in and dislodged from many layered materials – the intercalation reaction. Unlike the disposable lithium battery invented by Thomas Edison, people have invented and manufactured lithium-ion batteries that can be repeatedly charged and discharged by using the intercalation reaction, and the application of lithium-ion batteries in energy storage has a positive effect on human beings to get rid of fossil energy sources, push forward the new energy technology, and realize carbon neutrality.

 

Lithium-ion Battery

Lithium-ion battery research and development

1970s Whittingham’s lithium batteries
In the 1950s, in order to cope with the energy crisis, reduce air pollution, the oil giant Exxon invested heavily in basic energy research. To this end, they recruited a wide range of talents, including a Nobel Prize winner, later known as the “father of lithium batteries” Stanley Whittingham (M. Stanley Whittingham).
Stanley Whittingham graduated from Stanford University and joined Exxon in 1972, developing the first practical lithium battery. For the first time, reversible charging and discharging between lithium metal negative electrode and titanium disulfide positive electrode material was realized, and the discharge voltage reached 2.0 V.

To make the battery safer, Whittingham added aluminum to lithium metal to form an aluminum-lithium alloy and replaced the electrolyte in the battery.In 1976, aluminum-lithium alloy batteries began production and were supplied to some Swiss watchmakers on a small scale.

 

1980s Gudinov’s Lithium Cobaltate Battery
Due to frequent charging and discharging, lithium dendrites were formed on the surface of lithium metal, which were prone to short-circuiting and caused safety problems, and this caused the commercialization of lithium batteries to stagnate. Therefore, in order to further improve the performance of lithium-ion batteries, John B. Goodenough (Goodenough) considered the use of metal oxides to replace the metal sulfide in the early lithium batteries as a new cathode material. This new lithium battery with lithium cobaltate as the cathode (Fig. 2) was able to provide high voltage when lithium ions were embedded in the cathode, and to ensure that the structure did not collapse when lithium ions were dislodged.In 1980, Goodenough’s lithium cobaltate battery was able to produce 4 V, twice the voltage of Whittingham’s lithium battery, and therefore had a higher energy density.

Then Gudinav selected the more environmentally friendly lithium iron phosphate instead of lithium cobaltate, and these inventions of high-capacity lithium batteries made an important contribution to the arrival of the era of wireless communications.
Late 1980s Akira Yoshino’s commercial lithium-ion battery
Akira Yoshino of Japan’s Asahi Kasei Corporation hoped to develop lightweight and thin rechargeable batteries that could power new electronic devices such as camcorders, cordless phones, and computers.
In 1985, Akira Yoshino succeeded in creating a new generation of lithium-ion batteries using lithium cobaltate as the positive electrode and petroleum coke, a carbon-based material, as the negative electrode. Because petroleum coke can also be embedded with lithium ions, by using safer lithium ions to replace lithium metal in the battery, the lithium ions migrate back and forth between the electrodes when the battery is charging and discharging without reacting with the surrounding materials, and no harmful chemical reactions occur in the battery, Akira Yoshino’s lithium-ion batteries are safer, lighter, and less prone to fire and explosion than their predecessors, with a longer lifespan, higher capacity, and a higher weight than ordinary lead-acid batteries. The energy density of lithium-ion batteries is generally four times that of ordinary lead-acid batteries, greatly improving the overall performance of lithium-ion batteries.

In 1991, the first commercialized lithium-ion batteries in Japan, MP3, cell phones, tablet computers and other portable electronic devices also came into being, thus triggering a revolution in the lightweight electronic equipment, mobile.

21st century decade Rechargeable world
In 2019, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences decided to award the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Johan Bannister Gudinave, Michael Stanley Whittingham, and Akira Yoshino in recognition of the outstanding contributions of three scientists to the development of lithium-ion batteries . In the citation, it was commented that “they have created a rechargeable world”.

 

Lithium-ion Battery Structure

Lithium-ion batteries

Batteries are energy storage devices that utilize electrochemical redox reactions to achieve mutual conversion of chemical and electrical energy.

Primary batteries, such as zinc-manganese dry batteries, button batteries and lithium primary batteries, can not realize reversible charging and discharging.
Secondary batteries, such as lead-acid batteries, nickel-zinc batteries and lithium-ion batteries, can realize reversible charging and discharging
Lithium-ion batteries, with carbon material as the negative electrode, and lithium-containing compounds as the positive electrode of the battery, in the process of charging and discharging, there is no lithium metal present, only lithium ions, which is the lithium-ion battery.
Working principle of lithium-ion battery

Lithium-ion battery structure

Lithium-ion battery is mainly composed of diaphragm, electrode plate, battery cell shell plate and IC safety protection circuit.

(1) Positive and negative electrodes
Positive active material using lithium compounds, such as LixCoO2, LixNiO2, LiFePO4 or LixMnO2, or lithium nickel cobalt manganese material (commonly known as ternary). The conductive electrode fluid is electrolytic aluminum foil with a thickness of 10-20 μm.
Negative active material for graphite, or similar graphite structure of carbon, the use of lithium – carbon interlayer compound LixC6. conductive fluid collector using electrolytic copper foil thickness of 7 ~ 15μm.

(2) Electrolyte, diaphragm and casing
Electrolyte for the dissolution of lithium salts, such as lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF6) and other organic solutions. After special molding of polymer film, the film has a microporous structure that allows lithium ions to pass freely, while electrons can not pass.

(3) IC safety circuit
Battery protection board is the main rechargeable lithium-ion battery protection role of the integrated circuit board. Prevent lithium-ion batteries from being overcharged, overdischarged, overcurrent, short-circuit and ultra-high temperature charging and discharging.

(4) lithium-ion battery operating principle
[1] Charging
When charging the battery
Positive reaction, Li + from the positive electrode LiCoO2 to generate lithium ions. Generated lithium ions in the charger additional external electric field driven by the electrolyte movement to the negative electrode.
Negative electrode reaction, the lithium ions reaching the negative electrode are embedded in the micropores of the carbon layer of the graphite structure, forming a lithium-carbon interlayer compound. The more lithium ions embedded, the higher the charging capacity.
[2] Discharge
When discharging the battery
Negative electrode reaction, lithium ions Li + in the lithium – carbon interlayer compound out, and movement back to the positive electrode.
Positive electrode reaction, Li+ embedded from the positive electrode, obtaining electrons, forming LiCoO2.
[3] Total Battery Reaction
LiCoO2 +6C ⇌ Discharge Charge Li 1-x CoO2 +Li xC6
During the charging and discharging process of lithium-ion batteries, lithium ions are in a state of motion from the positive electrode → negative electrode → positive electrode. Lithium-ion batteries are like a rocking chair, the two ends of the rocking chair are the two poles of the battery, and lithium ions are rocked from this end to that end. Therefore, lithium-ion batteries are also called rocking chair batteries.

Principle of operation of lithium batteries

Lithium metal batteries:
Lithium metal batteries are generally batteries that use manganese dioxide as the positive electrode material, lithium metal or its alloy metal as the negative electrode material, and use a non-aqueous electrolyte solution.
Discharge reaction: Li + MnO2 = LiMnO2
Lithium-ion batteries:
Lithium-ion batteries are generally batteries that use a lithium alloy metal oxide as the positive electrode material, graphite as the negative electrode material, and a non-aqueous electrolyte.
The reaction that occurs on the charging cathode is
LiCoO2 = Li(1-x)CoO2 + xLi + + xe- (electrons)
The reaction at the negative electrode is
6C+xLi++xe- = LixC6
Total reaction of rechargeable battery: LiCoO2+6C = Li(1-x)CoO2+LixC6

Basic principle of lithium battery

 

Anode
Positive electrode materials: there are many optional positive electrode materials, the common positive electrode active materials in the market are shown in the following table.

Positive Electrode Material	Chemical Composition	Nominal Voltage	Structure	Energy Density	Cycle Life	Cost	Safety
Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO)	LiCoO2	3.7 V	Layered	Medium	Low	High	Low
Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO)	Li2Mn2O4	3.6V	Spinel	Low	Medium	Low	Medium
Lithium Nickel Oxide (LNO)	LiNiO2	3.6V	Layered	High	Low	High	Low
Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)	LiFePO4	3.2 V	Olivine	Medium	High	Low	High
Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (NCA)	LiNixCoyAl(1-x-y)O2	3.6V	Layered	High	Medium	Medium	Low
Nickel Cobalt Manganese Oxide (NCM)	LiNixCoyMn(1-x-y)O2	3.6V	Layered	High	High	Medium	Low

 

Lithium-ion battery manufacturing

The manufacturing of lithium-ion batteries can be divided into battery component manufacturing and battery assembly, and the battery component manufacturing includes the manufacturing of battery cells and battery ancillary components (such as BMS, cooling system, casing, etc.). The main process of cell manufacturing is shown in Figure 4 and can be briefly described as follows: in the homogenization stage, the active material is mixed with additives such as binders, solvents, and carbon black; and in the coating stage, the mixed material is coated onto a carrier foil to create the anode and cathode. The coated foil is then dried to evaporate the solvent, and the coated foil is rolled, slit, and dried. Battery production needs to be carried out in a dry room, and the entire manufacturing and assembly of battery components consumes a large amount of electricity and natural gas. Accurate research and statistics on the energy inventory are critical to the accuracy of the LCA results. Whether or not “electricity instead of gas” can reduce emissions at this stage and under the future carbon intensity of electricity is a very interesting topic.

Calculating the Energy Rating of Lithium-Ion Batteries

The watt-hour (wh) rating is a measurement standard that regulates ion batteries, and ion batteries manufactured after January 1, 2009 are required to be labeled with a watt-hour rating.
Watt-Hour Ratings for Lithium-Ion Batteries

If the nominal voltage (v) and nominal capacity (Ah ) of a battery are known, the watt-hour rating can be obtained by calculation using the formula: rated energy wh = nominal voltage V x nominal capacity Ah.
Nominal voltage and nominal capacity are usually labeled on the battery. If only the milliampere-hour (mAh ) is marked on the battery, divide the value by 1000 to get the ampere-hour (Ah ) (e.g., 4400mAh/1000 = 4.4Ah ).
Example of Calculating the Energy Rating of a Lithium-Ion Battery
In general, most lithium-ion batteries are rated at less than 100Wh, while the rated energy value of cottage batteries is often greater than 100Wh or even greater than 160Wh, which is as dangerous as a time bomb. Some low-quality batteries are roughly made and have no protective layer, which is also very dangerous.

 

Lithium-ion Battery Selection Methods

Lithium-ion batteries are divided into liquid lithium-ion batteries and lithium polymer batteries. The electrolyte of lithium-ion batteries is fluid, so they are more unstable than lithium-polymer batteries, and may cause the battery to explode if they are hit by an external force or if they use a charger that does not meet the standard. Many cell phones, laptops and other portable electronic products, the batteries used are lithium batteries. In other words, many people have a “bomb” around. For safety reasons, you must pay attention to the following points when shopping.

 

There is no clear capacity labeling.

Batteries without clearly labeled capacity (e.g., 1000 mAh or 1000 mAh) are likely to be of poor quality or recycled batteries. Many cheap batteries on the market are made from recycled batteries, which are cheap but have a short life and unstable quality, and may damage your cell phone if you are not careful.

 

There is no guarantee of standby time.

Standby time, that is, the battery is loaded into the cell phone to the next charge the continuous use of time. General market sales of batteries can not guarantee standby time to customers, this is because of the unstable quality of the battery relationship, many cheap batteries because of the use of poor quality battery heart, so the standby time is very short.

 

Whether to add a safety protection circuit board.

Without protection circuit boards, lithium batteries are at risk of deformation, liquid leakage and explosion. Under the vicious price competition, each family seeks to lower the price of the protection circuit board, or simply omit the device, so that the market is flooded with lithium batteries with the risk of explosion. Consumers can not tell from the appearance of the protective circuit board, so it is best to choose a reputable business to buy.

 

Advantages of lithium-ion batteries

High specific energy: the power stored in each kilogram of lithium-ion battery is about 40% higher than the same volume of nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride batteries.
Self-discharge is small: at room temperature, every charge, can be used for several months.
Long cycle life: the number of charge/discharge cycles reaches more than 500 times in normal use.
No memory effect: In overcharging and overdischarging, the voltage platform of lithium-ion battery is very high, and the memory effect occurs, so that the overcharging and overdischarging of lithium-ion battery will not cause permanent damage to the battery.
No memory effect: In overcharging, lithium-ion batteries will convert the internal chemical energy into heat and reduce the voltage; while in discharging, this will not happen.
Small size: The energy density of single cell of lithium-ion battery is 200 Wh/L~300 Wh/L, the volume is 1/3~1/2 of lead-acid battery, and the weight is 1/5~1/6 of lead-acid battery.
Environmental protection: lithium-ion batteries do not contain lead, mercury, cadmium and other toxic substances, can be completely recycled after use.
Good safety performance: lithium-ion batteries do not contain toxic substances, will not cause pollution to the environment.
Small self-discharge: the self-discharge rate of lithium-ion battery single cell is very low between 0% and 100% charge, generally less than 0.1%.
Green: lithium-ion batteries can be 100% recycled, no pollution to the environment.
No pollution: lithium-ion battery production process does not have any chemical emissions, no pollution to the environment.
Fast charging: lithium-ion batteries can be charged quickly, about 10 minutes can be fully charged.
Small self-discharge: lithium-ion batteries can automatically enter a low-power state when not in use until fully charged, and its self-discharge rate is very small, generally less than 0.1%.

 

Development of Lithium-ion Battery

The current situation

Now the 3C industry often referred to lithium-ion batteries is actually lithium cobalt acid batteries, broadly speaking, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries are composed of a graphite anode, a cobalt, manganese or iron phosphate positive electrode, as well as a kind of electrolyte used to transport lithium ions. Primary lithium-ion batteries, on the other hand, can have lithium metal or embedded lithium material as the anode.
Lithium-ion battery industry development for more than 20 years has been concentrated in the 3C industry is the main, less applied in the market economy of a larger scale of the energy storage and power battery (instantaneous need for a larger current) market, the market covers pure electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles, medium and large-scale UPS, solar energy, large-scale energy storage batteries, electric hand tools, electric motorcycles, electric bicycles, aerospace equipment and aircraft batteries and other fields.
One of the main reasons is that lithium batteries used in the past lithium cobalt anode material (LiCoO2, is now the most common lithium-ion batteries) cost is high, and difficult to be applied in special environments such as resistance to puncture, impact, and high and low temperature conditions. What’s more, it has been criticized for not being able to meet the absolute requirements for safety.
At the same time, lithium cobalt-acid batteries can not achieve the purpose of rapid charging and completely avoid secondary pollution, etc., and must be designed to protect the circuit to prevent overcharging or over-discharging, otherwise it will cause an explosion and other dangers, and even appeared in the case of Sony battery explosion led to the global brand NB industry invested heavily in recycling the situation.
In addition, the price of cobalt is getting higher and higher, the world’s largest producer of cobalt mines in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the war strife, resulting in cobalt ore prices continue to rise. Lithium cobalt acid battery powder due to rising cobalt prices, has now risen from the original $40 per kilogram to $60 ~ $70. Lithium iron phosphate powder depending on the quality of good and bad, the price per kilogram in 30 ~ 60 U.S. dollars.
Over the past 20 years, the industry and academia have invested countless R & D manpower and resources, constantly looking for new materials that can replace or solve the problem of LiCoO2, because, according to statistics, the total economic scale of the global power and energy storage battery market is up to 50 billion U.S. dollars per year, far greater than the lithium cobalt acid batteries 5.5-6 billion U.S. dollars per year of the amount of the stomach. From July 2006 to the present, including investment in energy storage equipment Deeya Energy, the development of thin-film lithium batteries Infinite Power Solution, optimistic about the new generation of lithium-ion batteries – lithium iron phosphate battery industry (LFP, Lithium Ferrous Phosphate) of the United States A123 Systems, A123 Systems of the U.S., Aleees of Taiwan, and Phostech Lithium of Canada, which are optimistic about the new-generation LFP (Lithium Ferrous Phosphate) battery industry, have quickly raised more than $300 million from venture capitalists and other funding sources around the world.

Prospects

Various materials have been researched in order to develop better performing varieties. This has led to the creation of unprecedented products. For example, lithium sulfur dioxide and lithium thionyl chloride batteries are very distinctive. Their positive active material is also the solvent for the electrolyte. This structure only occurs in electrochemical systems that are not aqueous solutions. Therefore, the research of lithium batteries also promotes the development of electrochemical theory of non-aqueous systems. In addition to the use of a variety of non-aqueous solvents, people have also carried out research on polymer thin-film batteries.
Lithium batteries are widely used in energy storage power systems such as hydro, thermal, wind and solar power stations, uninterruptible power supplies for postal and telecommunication communications, as well as in many fields such as power tools, electric bicycles, electric motorcycles, electric vehicles, military equipment, aerospace and so on.
Lithium-ion batteries with its unique performance advantages have been commonly used in portable appliances such as laptop computers, video cameras, mobile communications. The developed high-capacity lithium-ion batteries have begun trial in electric vehicles and are expected to become one of the main power sources for electric vehicles in the 21st century, and will be used in artificial satellites, aerospace and energy storage. With the shortage of energy and the world’s environmental aspects of the pressure. Lithium is widely used in the electric vehicle industry, especially the emergence of lithium iron phosphate material batteries, which promotes the development and application of lithium battery industry.

UAE Lithium Battery Bus (Made in Holland)
Side
On April 18, the State Council discussed and passed the Energy Saving and New Energy Vehicle Industry Development Plan (2012~2020) (hereinafter referred to as the “Plan”), which clearly defines pure electric drive as the main strategic orientation for the transformation of the automobile industry, promotes the popularization of non-plug-in hybrid vehicles, and puts forward that the cumulative production and sales volume of pure electric, as well as hybrid vehicles, will reach 500,000 vehicles in 2015 and more than The goal of 5 million vehicles by 2020.
The introduction of the Plan has aroused great concern among the public. Many experts believe that this move will promote the automotive industry to enter a new round of development, in addition, but also in the invisible energy-saving and new energy vehicles, the core component of the power battery industry outlines a huge market.
In November 2022, researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) explained the reasons for the formation of “dendrites” in rechargeable lithium batteries and how to prevent them from passing through the electrolyte. This discovery could ultimately open the door to the design of a new type of rechargeable lithium battery.

Application areas of lithium-ion batteries

Consumer Products
Mainly used in digital products, cell phones, mobile power, notebooks and other electronic devices. Commonly used are 18650 lithium batteries, lithium polymer batteries.

Industrial field
Mainly used in medical electronics, photovoltaic energy storage, railroad infrastructure, security communications, exploration and mapping and other fields. Commonly used in energy storage / power lithium batteries, lithium iron phosphate batteries, lithium polymer batteries, 18650 lithium batteries.

Special fields
Mainly used in aerospace, naval vessels, satellite navigation, high energy physics and other fields. Commonly used ultra-low temperature lithium batteries, high temperature lithium batteries, lithium titanate batteries, explosion-proof lithium batteries.

Medical field
Need to power the medical equipment is more and more portable, can be carried anywhere at any time so as to rescue, portable equipment is also increasingly convenient to move. It is because of the application and development of technologies such as lithium batteries. The popularity of portable home instruments and mobile monitoring equipment so that patients can stay where they like. Portable medical devices must truly be portable in the full sense of the word to best serve patients. The demand for smaller, lighter medical devices has increased significantly as a result.

Electric Vehicles
With the gradual increase in China’s automobile ownership, bringing increasingly serious air pollution, has reached a point where it must be controlled and managed, especially in some large and medium-sized cities where the situation has become more serious. Therefore, a new generation of lithium-ion batteries have been vigorously developed and applied in the electric vehicle industry because of their non-polluting, less-polluting and energy-diversifying characteristics.